Axon Types Practice Test

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• Which function is carried by GVE-P fibers?
• CN VIII injury presents with which symptom?
• Which muscles are supplied by the superior division of CN III?
• Which type of axons does the infraorbital nerve carry, and what region does it primarily innervate?
• A cavernous sinus lesion commonly causes ophthalmoplegia and upper-face sensory loss due to involvement of which nerves?
• Which statement about the nodes of Ranvier is correct?
• The deep petrosal nerve contains which axons?
• The frontal nerve carries which type of fibers and targets which region?
• High-frequency stimulation effect on conduction in demyelinated fibers?
• Branches of CN X supplying the skeletal muscle of the esophagus carry which type of axons?
• What are the gaps between myelin internodes along an axon called?
• What clinical information do F-waves primarily provide?
• Which nerve carries epiglottic taste and sensation above the vocal folds?
• Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers contributing to CN III originate from which nucleus and reach the target via which path?
• Which nerve includes an SVA hitchhiker traveling toward the geniculate ganglion?
• The maxillary division of CN V carries which type of axons?
• Which axons does the recurrent laryngeal nerve carry, and what is its target?
• The greater and lesser palatine nerves contain which combination of axons, and what is their target?
• How do GABA-A and GABA-B receptors differ in signaling and time course?
• How does axon diameter affect conduction velocity in unmyelinated fibers?
• The infratrochlear nerve branches from which nerve?
• Which fiber type is large-diameter and fast-conducting, carrying motor and proprioceptive information?
• The preganglionic parasympathetic fibers that contribute to CN III originate from which nucleus?
• Describe the sequence of events from action potential initiation to propagation along an axon, focusing on ion movements.
• Injury to peripheral CN VII will result in which deficits?
• What is the concept of the 'safety factor' in nerve conduction, and how does myelination influence it?
• What type of axons does the lingual nerve carry before it joins the chorda tympani nerve?
• The superior laryngeal nerve carries which combination of axons?
• Fracture to the middle fossa will injure which nerves?
• The GVE-S fibers in the short ciliary nerve originate from which system and target which structures?
• Which axons does the external laryngeal nerve carry, and what is its target?
• Battle sign is a bruise over which area, indicating fracture in that region?
• Pharyngeal branches of CN X carry which combination of axons?
• Gaps between myelin internodes along an axon are called what?
• Why does conduction velocity slow with cold temperatures even in myelinated axons?
• The superior alveolar nerves carry which type of axons, and what area do they innervate?
• What predominantly creates the upstroke (rising phase) of an action potential in most neurons?
• In nerve conduction studies, what pattern suggests axonal loss rather than demyelination?
• Which statement best differentiates an EPSP from an IPSP in terms of ionic movement and postsynaptic effect?
• In axonal transport, what moves cargo retrogradely toward the soma, and which motor drives it?
• In unmyelinated fibers, why does increasing axon diameter speed conduction?
• What best describes the function of nodes of Ranvier?
• Injury to CN III before branching into superior and inferior divisions results in which of the following signs?
• What is the role of calcium in exocytosis of neurotransmitters, and what happens if extracellular calcium is reduced?
• Which nerve carries taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?
• Which motor moves cargo toward the axon terminal in the anterograde direction?
• Mental nerve carries which axons to the chin and lower lip?
• Which glial cell type supports regrowth and potential remyelination after peripheral nerve injury?
• Injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve results in which deficit?
• Injury to which nerve causes the tongue to deviate toward the lesion on protrusion?
• NOT true about F-waves?
• Temporal bone fracture injures which nerves?
• The greater petrosal nerve contains which axons?
• What is the afterhyperpolarization and what ionic mechanism underlies it?
• Which receptor mediates slower, longer-lasting inhibition via second messengers?
• Which term best describes F-waves?
• Which statement about saltatory conduction is true?
• Which nerve carries preganglionic parasympathetic fibers that synapse in the otic ganglion?
• What is the effect of temperature on conduction velocity in myelinated versus unmyelinated fibers?
• As the mandibular division of CN V exits the skull through which foramen, what axons does it carry?
• Which branch provides SVE to the muscles of facial expression?
• Which axons and targets are associated with the zygomatic nerve?
• CN V injury commonly presents with which symptom?
• Which nerve carries GVE-P, GVA, and SVA but not SVE?
• Injury to the auriculotemporal nerve prior to the parotid gland will result in which deficits?
• A submandibular tumor will injure which cranial nerve?
• In a complete CN III palsy, which pupillary reflex is absent?
• The pharyngeal branch of V2 carries which axons, and what is its target?
• What is the general timeline and consequence of Wallerian degeneration in peripheral nerves after injury?
• Injury to the chorda tympani will result in which deficit?
• What is a potential consequence of very high extracellular potassium on axonal conduction?
• The auriculotemporal nerve after passing through the parotid gland carries which axons?
• The branches of the vagus nerve (CN X) to the carotid body and the pulmonary plexus carry which types of axons?
• Injury to the greater petrosal nerve will result in which deficit?
• Which axons are carried by the branches of CN X that innervate the skeletal muscle of the esophagus?
• What is the energy efficiency advantage of saltatory conduction?
• How does impaired axonal transport affect neuron function?
• Which statement best describes saltatory conduction?
• Injury to the nerve to pterygoid canal (PPG) would result in which deficit?
• CN VII injury commonly presents with which symptom?
• The postganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the lacrimal gland reach the lacrimal nerve by hitchhiking along which pathway?
• Which statement best describes the difference between A-alpha fibers and C fibers?
• Injury to the lingual nerve distal to where the chorda tympani joins would result in which deficit?
• Injury to the V1 nasociliary nerve would result in which deficit?
• After peripheral nerve injury, if the environment is favorable, what process may occur?
• The nasociliary nerve supplies sensory innervation to which structures?
• Which describes the direction and stoichiometry of the Na+/K+ ATPase during maintenance of resting membrane potential?
• What happens to conduction velocity in demyelinating conditions and why?
• Injury to CN XI results in which deficits?
• Antidromic activation in F-waves refers to conduction ...
• Fracture involving the cavernous sinus injures which nerves?
• Which description correctly outlines the origins of parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers to the greater and lesser palatine nerves?
• A jugular foramen lesion will result in deficits of which cranial nerves?
• Injury to the internal laryngeal nerve results in which deficit?
• Which statement about absolute and relative refractory periods and their ion channel states is correct?
• Which statement best describes the direction of activation in F-waves?
• The infratrochlear nerve provides sensory innervation to which areas?
• How does NMDA receptor function contribute to synaptic plasticity?
• The hypoglossal nerve exits the skull through which canal?
• Which statement correctly describes the buccal branch of the facial nerve?
• Which muscles are innervated by the superior division of the oculomotor nerve (CN III)?
• Which of the following is NOT a branch of the nasociliary nerve?
• The spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) is composed of which type of axons?
• The spinal accessory nerve innervates which muscles?
• Injury to CN X pharyngeal branches would result in which deficit?
• How does an increase in extracellular potassium concentration affect neuronal excitability and conduction?
• How does increased capacitance affect conduction in demyelinated fibers during high-frequency stimulation?
• Injury to the long ciliary nerves results in which deficits?
• Which glial cell types produce CNS myelin and how are they arranged along the axon?
• The axons of the lesser petrosal nerve and its target?
• Which function would NOT be affected by lingual nerve injury distal to the chorda tympani joining?
• What neurotransmitter is primarily released at the neuromuscular junction, and what receptor type does it act on on the muscle?
• Through which canal does the nasopalatine nerve travel to reach the anterior hard palate?
• What axons do the long ciliary nerves carry, and what is their primary target?
• Damage to the trochlear nerve (CN IV) will present with which finding?
• Which axons does the buccal nerve carry to the cheek mucosa and skin?
• What enzyme synthesizes acetylcholine in cholinergic neurons?
• Which nerve provides general sensation to the nasopharyngeal mucosa?
• A jugular foramen lesion would be expected to affect which cranial nerves?
• Short ciliary nerves carry which axons?
• Which nerve carries hitchhiking postganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers to the lacrimal gland most prominently?
• Posterior fossa fracture injures which nerves?
• What happens at the neuromuscular junction when a toxin blocks acetylcholine receptors on the motor endplate?
• Which statement about saltatory conduction is false?
• F-waves help evaluate the integrity of which portion of the motor nerve?
• Which axon type in the peripheral nervous system is large, myelinated, and conducts impulses the quickest?
• The recurrent meningeal branch carries axons to which structure?
• The tympanic nerve carries which axons?
• Injury to which nerve results in ipsilateral trapezius weakness and impaired shoulder shrug?
• Which axons constitute the nerves supplying the muscles of mastication?
• Which nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the pupil via the ciliary ganglion?
• What enables saltatory conduction and which cellular feature enables it?
• Which glial cell types are responsible for myelination in CNS and PNS, respectively?
• The clinical usefulness of F-waves is to assess integrity of motor pathways in which segment?
• Which ion is the key trigger for neurotransmitter release at the presynaptic terminal?
• A cavernous sinus lesion will result in deficits of which cranial nerves?
• What is a typical resting membrane potential value range for mammalian neurons?
• The inferior alveolar nerve with the nerve to mylohyoid carries which axons?
• Which nerve provides SVE innervation to the Palatoglossus muscle?
• The axons in the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve (V1) are of which modality?
• Which statement NOT true about F-waves?
• What axons does the lingual nerve carry after it joins the chorda tympani nerve, and what function does this support?
• Which nerve provides motor innervation to the stylopharyngeus muscle?
• Which axons does the internal laryngeal nerve carry, and what is its target region?
• Injury to the external laryngeal nerve results in which deficit?
• Which muscles are supplied by the inferior division of CN III?
• Injury to CN XII results in which deficits?
• Which statement about F-waves is true?
• How is conduction velocity estimated from nerve conduction study data?
• Cavernous sinus fracture injures which nerves?
• What is the function of SNARE proteins in synaptic vesicle fusion?
• Which statement best describes the regeneration potential after Wallerian degeneration?
• F-waves are best described as what kind of response?
• Fracture of the posterior fossa injures which nerves?
• What is the primary role of the nodes of Ranvier in saltatory conduction?
• Which ion flows through the GABA-A receptor to produce inhibition at the synapse?
• Injury to the V3 mandibular division proximal to the lingual/chorda junction would result in which deficit?
• Which ion primarily carries the depolarizing current during the rising phase of the action potential?
• The supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves carry which fibers and target which region?
• What diagnostic method is commonly used to measure axonal conduction velocity in clinical practice?
• Which statement accurately describes the chorda tympani’s role?
• The auriculotemporal nerve before entering the parotid gland contains which axons?
• F-waves are used to assess which aspect of nerve function?
• The infratrochlear nerve carries which axons and supplies which region?
• Injury to CN IX would result in which deficit?
• What is the role of voltage-gated K+ channels in resetting the membrane after an action potential?
• How do Schwann cells support axon regeneration in the peripheral nervous system?
• The axons of the greater petrosal nerve are which combination?
• Which sequence correctly describes the pathway for postganglionic sympathetic fibers to the lacrimal gland?
• Which of the following does not participate in SNARE-mediated vesicle fusion?
• Which fiber type passes through the pterygopalatine ganglion without synapsing on its way to the palatine nerves?
• Which muscles are innervated by the inferior division of CN III?
• Damage to the ciliary ganglion or short ciliary nerves leads to which deficits?
• The postganglionic sympathetic fibers to the lacrimal gland originate from which ganglion?
• From which pathway do the parasympathetic axons that innervate the lacrimal gland originate and reach the lacrimal nerve?
• What is an F-wave in nerve conduction studies?
• Which nerve innervates the cricothyroid muscle?
• Distinguish between CNS and PNS myelin origins and typical node spacing characteristics.
• Which feature characterizes F-waves?
• Which term describes the minimum depolarization needed to trigger an action potential?
• Which ion conductance primarily underlies the afterhyperpolarization phase?
• Which receptor mediates fast, short-latency inhibition in the CNS?
• Which glial cell types produce CNS myelin and how are they arranged along the axon?
• Injury to the inferior division of CN III results in weakness of which extraocular muscles, with possible parasympathetic loss if fibers to the ciliary ganglion are involved?
• The nerve of the pterygoid canal (vidian nerve) carries which axons?
• Which neurotransmitter is primarily released by motor neurons at the neuromuscular junction to trigger muscle contraction?
• The chorda tympani nerve carries which axons?
• Which nerve contains GVE-P, GVE-S, GVA, and SVA?
• In axonal transport, what moves cargo anterogradely from the soma to the axon terminals, and which motor protein drives it?
• The dental plexus of maxillary teeth and gingiva is formed by axons from which nerve(s)?
• F-waves are produced as which type of response?
• Injury to CN VI leads to which ocular outcome?
• What is Wallerian degeneration?
• If recording sites are 12 cm apart and the latency is 3 ms, what is the conduction velocity?
• Injury to the long ciliary nerves causes loss of corneal sensation in their territory. Which nerve is most closely associated with this corneal sensation in the discussed pathway?
• How does myelination affect conduction velocity relative to axon diameter?
• Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers that innervate the palatine region originate from which nerve pathway?
• Which statement best describes sympathetic fiber involvement in injury to the nerve to the pterygoid canal?
• The inferior alveolar nerve without the nerve to mylohyoid carries which axons?
• When comparing F-waves to the M-wave, F-waves are best described as?
• In the peripheral nervous system, which glial cell type is responsible for axonal support and myelination?
• What is the role of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in presynaptic terminals?
• How does demyelination affect the length constant and time constant of an axon?
• Vestibular schwannoma typically results in injury to which combination of nerves?
• What phenomenon enables fast conduction in myelinated axons?
• The nasopalatine nerve contains which axons, and what is its anatomical target?
• The nasociliary nerve primarily contains which type of axons?
• What is the primary mechanism of acetylcholine inactivation at the synapse?
• Which nerve carries postganglionic sympathetic fibers that pass through the pterygopalatine ganglion without synapsing to distribute with V2?
• What types of axons are found in the short ciliary nerves?
• Injury to the auriculotemporal nerve distal to the otic ganglion would result in which deficit?
• How does myelin reduce membrane capacitance and increase membrane resistance?
• A patient with facial numbness, ipsilateral facial weakness, and hearing loss most likely has injury to which nerves?
• Where do CN III parasympathetic preganglionic fibers synapse?
• Which nerve injury can cause aphonia and inspiratory stridor if bilateral involvement occurs?
• What axons are present in the lacrimal nerve and what is its target?
• Proprioceptive afferents from the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid are carried by ventral rami from which spinal levels and fiber type?
• The anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerves carry which type of axons, and what region do they innervate?
• What does the length constant (lambda) describe in neuronal signaling?
• Which description applies to the temporal, zygomatic, mandibular and cervical branches of the facial nerve?
• Which cranial nerve provides the primary motor (GSE) to the tongue muscles?
• Which receptor is commonly targeted by benzodiazepines to enhance inhibition in the CNS?
• How does the All-or-None principle apply to action potentials?
• Injury to the V2 maxillary division would result in which deficit?
• Injury to CN VI will present with which findings?